twenty-eight Pick Renard , Ronald D. , ‘ The part of your own Karens within the Thai area at the beginning of Bangkok several months, 1782–1873 ‘, Efforts to help you Far-eastern Degree , fifteen ( 1980 ): fifteen – twenty eight Bing Pupil ; Renard , Ronald D. , ‘The fresh new combination away from Karen during the north Thai governmental lifetime from inside the 19th century’, from inside the Anuson Walter Vella , ed. Renard , Ronald D. ( Honolulu : College of Hawai’i Push , 1986 ), pp. 229 –48Google Pupil ; and you will Sarasawadee, Reputation of Lanna.
31 Based on Keyes , Charles , ‘ Millennialism, Theravada Buddhism, and you will Thai people ‘, Record off Far-eastern Studies , 36 , 2 ( 1977 ): 283 – 302 Yahoo Beginner , signs of your king while the Buddha was linked within the rituals and you can legitimise one another king and you can break the rules Phu Mi Bun otherwise coming king. Pick also Wilson , Constance M. , ‘ The newest Holy People throughout the history of Thailand and you may Laos ‘, Record out of The southern part of Western Degree , 28 , 2 ( 1997 ): 345 –64CrossRefGoogle College student .
Regal states had been segmentary systems predicated on tributary and you may wedding alliances, that’s, personal companies where rebellion and you can fragmentation tend to took place
30 Falla , Jonathan , True-love and you will Bartholomew: Rebels to your Burmese border ( Cambridge : Cambridge School Press , 1991 )CrossRefGoogle Pupil . Towards the image VruД‡e samohrane zrele Еѕene of the brand new orphan, pick Hayami , Yoko , ‘ Karen heritage considering Christ or Buddha: The fresh new effects out of multiple reinterpretations for a minority cultural class in Thailand ‘, Record away from The southern area of Far-eastern Degree , twenty seven , 2 ( 1996 ): 334 –49CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; getting previous Pwo Karen orphan stories, look for Hinton , Elisabeth , Earliest brother’s story: Tales of one’s Pwo Karen ( Chiang Mai : Silkworm Guides , 1999 )Google Pupil .
29 Po , San C. , Burma in addition to Karens ( London : Elliot Inventory , 1928 )Bing Beginner . San C. Po try a prominent Karen political frontrunner. Hovemyr , Anders , Shopping for the fresh new Karen king ( Uppsala : Studia Missionaria Uppsaliensia , 1989 )Yahoo Scholar , emphasised the fresh Karen thinking-identity as underprivileged orphans, however with a sense of ethical quality. However, their provide are mainly missionary messages, ultimately causing a comparatively biased interpretation.
Gravers , Mikael ( Copenhagen : NIAS Push , 2007 ), pp
thirty two The fresh new poems was in fact trans. of the missionary Mason , Francis and printed in ‘ Living of your Karen ‘, Baptist Missionary Magazine (Missionary Sign in) , fourteen ( 1834 ): 382 –93Google College student ; and in Mason , Ellen B. , Civilizing mountain dudes ( London : James Nisbet & Co , 1862 )Yahoo College student . My emphasis.
33 Pick Gravers , , ‘Cosmology, prophets and you will rebellion’, and you will ‘Conversion process and you will term: The formation of Karen ethnic name in Burma’, within the Examining ethnic assortment inside the Burma , ed. 227 –58Google Student , getting a life threatening assessment off missionary perceptions of Karen cosmology.
34 Towards basics, find Aung-Thwin , Michael , ‘Divinity, spirit, human: Conceptions regarding ancient Burmese kingship’, during the Stores, symbols, and you can hierarchies: Essays to your ancient states off The southern area of China , ed. Gesick , Lorraine ( The latest Haven : Yale University The southern part of Asia Knowledge , Monograph twenty six, 1983 )Google Scholar . For an excellent dialogue of your mandala design, discover Chutintaranond , Sunait , Into the both sides of your Tenasserim assortment: Reputation of Siamese Burmese interactions ( Bangkok : Chulalongkorn College or university, Institute of Asian Studies , Monograph 50, 1995 )Bing Beginner .
thirty five There are a few most other denominations for the Burma and you can Thailand oriented on the same records however with ritual variations such as Du Wae, Lu Wa and you will Wi Maung. Select Stern, ‘Ariya and Golden Book’; Gravers, ‘Cosmology, prophets and you may rebellion’; Andersen , Kirsten Ewers , ‘ A couple of indigenous Karen religious denominations ‘, Folk , 23 ( 1981 ): 251 –61Google Pupil ; Yoko Hayami, ‘Stupas and you will relationship vows: Buddhist and you can sectarian practices within the Karen state’ (Kyoto: College of Kyoto, CSEAS Operating report zero. 8, G-COR series six, 2008), p. 35; and you will Kwanchewan, ‘Emails out-of contestation’. Into Talakhoung (Ta-la-ku) way, look for Buadaeng , Kwanchewan , ‘Creating and you may keeping the fresh new Ta-la-ku society: The fresh Karen over the Thai–Myanmar border’, when you look at the Imagining groups inside the Thailand: Ethnographic tips , ed. Tanabe , Shigeharu ( Chiang Mai : Mekong Press , 2008 ), pp. 83 – 106 Yahoo Scholar .
